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International System of Units (SI) – मात्रकों की अंतर्राष्ट्रीय प्रणाली: Seven Base Units, Derived Units एवं SI Prefixes

मात्रकों की अंतर्राष्ट्रीय प्रणाली (International System of Units – SI System)

1. परिचय (Introduction)

भौतिकी में विभिन्न वस्तुओं, घटनाओं और प्रक्रियाओं का अध्ययन करने के लिए भौतिक राशियों का मापन करना आवश्यक होता है। किसी भौतिक राशि का मापन करने के लिए उसकी तुलना एक निश्चित मानक से की जाती है, जिसे मात्रक (Unit) कहते हैं। उदाहरण के लिए, यदि किसी मेज की लंबाई 2 मीटर है, तो यहाँ लंबाई भौतिक राशि, 2 संख्यात्मक मान और मीटर उसका मात्रक है।

प्राचीन काल में विभिन्न देशों और क्षेत्रों में मापन की अलग-अलग प्रणालियाँ प्रचलित थीं। इससे वैज्ञानिक गणनाओं, व्यापार और तकनीकी कार्यों में कठिनाइयाँ उत्पन्न होती थीं। इन कठिनाइयों को दूर करने के लिए एक ऐसी मानकीकृत प्रणाली की आवश्यकता महसूस हुई, जिसका उपयोग विश्वभर में किया जा सके। इसी उद्देश्य से मात्रकों की अंतर्राष्ट्रीय प्रणाली विकसित की गई, जिसे SI प्रणाली कहा जाता है।

रॉकेट किस सिद्धांत पर कार्य करता है?

प्रश्न: रॉकेट किस सिद्धांत पर कार्य करता है?

उत्तर: रॉकेट मुख्यतः न्यूटन के गति के तीसरे नियम तथा संवेग संरक्षण के सिद्धांत पर कार्य करता है।

व्याख्या: रॉकेट के इंजन में ईंधन के दहन से उत्पन्न गर्म गैसें बहुत अधिक वेग से नोज़ल के माध्यम से पीछे की ओर बाहर निकलती हैं। इसके परिणामस्वरूप रॉकेट पर विपरीत दिशा में बल (Thrust/प्रणोद) उत्पन्न होता है और रॉकेट आगे की ओर गति करता है।

क्रिया (Action): गैसों का तेज़ी से पीछे की ओर निष्कासन।
प्रतिक्रिया (Reaction): रॉकेट पर विपरीत दिशा में प्रणोद उत्पन्न होना।
आधारभूत सिद्धांत: कुल संवेग का संरक्षण।

🎯 परीक्षा में एक लाइन में

रॉकेट न्यूटन के गति के तीसरे नियम तथा संवेग संरक्षण के सिद्धांत पर कार्य करता है।

नोट: यह कहना अधिक सटीक है कि रॉकेट को ऊपर उठाने वाला थ्रस्ट गैसों के निष्कासन से उत्पन्न होता है; केवल “गुरुत्वाकर्षण के विरुद्ध बल” कहना पर्याप्त नहीं है, क्योंकि रॉकेट को पहले अपने भार से अधिक थ्रस्ट उत्पन्न करना पड़ता है।

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Railway – Goods Wagon Codes

S.No.	Code	Full Form	Type
1	BOXN	Bogie Open High-sided Wagon	Open Wagon
2	BOXNHA	Bogie Open High Axle Load Wagon	Open Wagon
3	BOXNHS	Bogie Open High Speed Wagon	Open Wagon
4	BOXNCR	Bogie Open Corrosion Resistant Wagon	Open Wagon
5	BOXNLW	Bogie Open Lightweight Wagon	Open Wagon
6	BOXNHL	Bogie Open High Capacity Lightweight Wagon	Open Wagon
7	BOXNS	Bogie Open High Speed Wagon	Open Wagon
8	BOYEL	Bogie Open Wagon for Iron Ore	Ore Wagon
9	BOST	Bogie Open Wagon for Steel Traffic	Steel Wagon
10	BCNM1	Bogie Covered Wagon	Covered Wagon
11	BCNAM1	Bogie Covered Wagon (Modified)	Covered Wagon
12	BCNAHS	Bogie Covered High Speed Wagon	Covered Wagon
13	BCCNR	Bogie Covered Wagon for Automobile Traffic	Covered Wagon
14	BTPN	Bogie Tank Wagon for Petroleum Products	Tank Wagon
15	BTPNHS	Bogie Tank Wagon High Speed	Tank Wagon
16	BTPGLN	Bogie Tank Wagon for Liquefied Petroleum Gas	Tank Wagon
17	BTALN	Bogie Tank Wagon for Liquid Ammonia	Tank Wagon
18	BTCS	Bogie Tank Wagon for Caustic Soda	Tank Wagon
19	BTPH	Bogie Tank Wagon for Petroleum (High Capacity)	Tank Wagon
20	BTAP	Bogie Tank Wagon for Acid Products	Tank Wagon
21	BRNA	Bogie Rail Flat Wagon	Flat Wagon
22	BRNAHS	Bogie Rail Flat Wagon High Speed	Flat Wagon
23	BFNS	Bogie Flat Wagon	Flat Wagon
24	BOMN	Bogie Military Wagon	Military Wagon
25	BRSTH	Bogie Rail Steel Transport Wagon	Steel Wagon
26	BLC	Bogie Low Platform Container Wagon	Container Wagon
27	BLCA	Bogie Low Platform Articulated Container Wagon	Container Wagon
28	BLCB	Bogie Low Platform Container Wagon (Variant)	Container Wagon
29	BLLA	Bogie Low Platform Long Container Wagon	Container Wagon
30	BLLB	Bogie Low Platform Long Container Wagon (Variant)	Container Wagon
31	BFKI	Bogie Flat Wagon for ISO Containers	Container Wagon
32	BOBRN	Bogie Open Bottom Rapid Discharge Wagon	Hopper Wagon
33	BOBYN	Bogie Open Ballast Wagon	Hopper Wagon
34	BOBSN	Bogie Open Side Discharge Wagon	Hopper Wagon
35	BCACBM	Bogie Covered Automobile Carrier (Bi-Level)	Automobile Wagon
S.No.	Code	Full Form	Use
36	BOXNHL	Bogie Open High Capacity Lightweight Wagon	Coal, Iron Ore, Limestone
37	BOXNHL25t	BOXNHL (25 Tonne Axle Load)	Heavy Bulk Freight
38	BOXN/M1	High-sided Bogie Open Wagon (M1 Design)	Bulk Commodities
39	BOXNHS/M1	High Speed Bogie Open Wagon	General Freight
40	BOXNS	High Speed Open Wagon	Bulk Freight
41	BOXNLW	Lightweight Bogie Open Wagon	Coal & Minerals
42	BOXNLWM2	Lightweight Open Wagon (M2)	Bulk Freight
43	BOXNCR	Corrosion Resistant Open Wagon	Coal, Ore
44	BOXNCRM1	Corrosion Resistant Open Wagon (M1)	Bulk Freight
45	BOXNHA	High Axle Load Open Wagon	Coal
46	BOYEL	Bogie Open Wagon for Iron Ore	Iron Ore
47	BCNM1	Bogie Covered Wagon (M1)	Cement, Food Grain, Fertilizer
48	BCNAM1	Modified Bogie Covered Wagon	Bagged Commodities
49	BCNAHS	High Speed Covered Wagon	General Freight
50	BCNAHS/M1	High Speed Covered Wagon (M1)	Freight
51	BCNHL	High Capacity Lightweight Covered Wagon	Bagged Commodities
52	BOBR	Bogie Open Bottom Discharge Hopper	Coal
53	BOBRN	Bogie Open Bottom Rapid Discharge Wagon	Coal, Thermal Plants
54	BOBRNAL	Aluminium Rapid Discharge Wagon	Bulk Minerals
55	BOBYN	Ballast Hopper Wagon	Ballast
56	BOBSN	Side Discharge Hopper Wagon	Ballast
57	BTPN	Petroleum Tank Wagon	POL Products
58	BTPGLN	LPG Tank Wagon	Liquefied Petroleum Gas
59	BLC	Container Flat Wagon	ISO Containers
60	BLCA	Articulated Container Wagon	Double-Stack / Container Traffic
61	BFKI	ISO Container Flat Wagon	Containers
62	BRN	Bogie Rail Flat Wagon	Steel, Rails
63	BFNS	Bogie Flat Wagon	Heavy Machinery
64	BVZI	Brake Van (8-Wheeler)	Freight Train
65	BVZC	Brake Van (4-Wheeler)	Freight Train

Indian Railways Freight Wagon Codes (2026 Updated) – Part 3

Container, Automobile, Tank & Special Purpose Wagons

S.No.	Code	Full Form	Primary Use
66	BLCA	Bogie Low Platform Articulated Container Wagon	Double-Stack Container Traffic
67	BLCB	Bogie Low Platform Container Wagon (Improved Variant)	ISO Containers
68	BLL	Bogie Low Platform Container Wagon	Container Traffic
69	BLLA	Bogie Low Platform Container Wagon (Articulated)	ISO Containers
70	BLLB	Bogie Low Platform Container Wagon (High Capacity)	Double-Stack Containers
71	BFKI	Bogie Flat Wagon for ISO Containers	ISO Containers
72	BFKX	Bogie Flat Wagon for Domestic Containers	Domestic Containers
73	BFNV	Bogie Flat Wagon for New Generation Vehicles	Automobile Transport
74	BCACBM	Bogie Covered Automobile Carrier (Bi-Level)	Cars & SUVs
75	BCACM	Bogie Covered Automobile Carrier	Passenger Vehicles
76	BCCW	Bogie Covered Coil Wagon	Steel Coil Transportation
77	BVCM	Bogie Vehicle Carrier Wagon	Automobile Transport
78	BRN22.9	Bogie Flat Wagon (22.9 T Axle Load)	Rails & Heavy Steel
79	BRNAHS	Bogie Flat Wagon High Speed	Steel & Heavy Machinery
80	BFNSM	Modified Bogie Flat Wagon	Engineering Loads
81	BTPN	Bogie Tank Wagon for Petroleum Products	POL Traffic
82	BTPNHS	High-Speed Petroleum Tank Wagon	POL Traffic
83	BTPGLN	Bogie Tank Wagon for LPG	Liquefied Petroleum Gas
84	BTALN	Bogie Tank Wagon for Liquid Ammonia	Fertilizer Industry
85	BTCS	Bogie Tank Wagon for Caustic Soda	Chemical Industry
86	BTFLN	Bogie Tank Wagon for Furnace Oil	Petroleum Products
87	BTCLN	Bogie Tank Wagon for Chemicals	Chemical Traffic
88	BTMN	Bogie Tank Wagon for Molasses	Sugar Industry
89	BTPH	High Capacity Petroleum Tank Wagon	Petroleum Products
90	BTAP	Bogie Tank Wagon for Acid Products	Acid Transportation
91	BVCMHS	High-Speed Vehicle Carrier Wagon	Automobile Transport
92	BVZI	Brake Van (8-Wheeler)	Freight Train
93	BVZC	Brake Van (4-Wheeler)	Freight Train
94	BVGC	Brake Van with CBC & Air Brake	Freight Train
95	LVS	Loadable Vehicle Space Wagon	Automobile Logistics
96	DBKM	Defence Bogie Military Wagon	Military Equipment
97	BOMN	Bogie Open Military Wagon	Defence Logistics
98	RRV	Rail Rescue Vehicle	Accident Relief
99	ART	Accident Relief Train Stock	Emergency Operations
100	ARMV	Accident Relief Medical Van	Medical Relief
101	SPARMV	Self-Propelled Accident Relief Medical Van	Emergency Medical Response
102	TTM	Track Maintenance Material Wagon	Engineering Department
103	WTR	Wagon for Track Relaying Material	Track Renewal
104	RRM	Rail Renewal Material Wagon	Rail Transportation
105	BCM Support	Ballast Cleaning Machine Support Wagon	Track Machine Operations

Indian Railways Freight Wagon Codes (2026 Updated) – Part 4

Engineering, Maintenance & Special Purpose Wagons

S.No.	Code	Full Form	Primary Use
106	ART	Accident Relief Train	Breakdown & Restoration
107	ARME	Accident Relief Medical Equipment	Medical Relief
108	ARMV	Accident Relief Medical Van	Medical Emergency
109	SPARMV	Self-Propelled Accident Relief Medical Van	Emergency Medical Response
110	BFR	Bogie Flat Rail Wagon	Rail Panels & Long Rails
111	BRH	Bogie Rail Wagon (Heavy Duty)	Heavy Steel & Rails
112	BRN	Bogie Rail Flat Wagon	Rail, Steel & Machinery
113	BFNS	Bogie Flat Wagon	Heavy Machinery & Containers
114	BFKI	Bogie Flat Wagon for ISO Containers	ISO Containers
115	BFKX	Bogie Flat Wagon for Domestic Containers	Domestic Containers
116	BLC	Bogie Low Platform Container Wagon	Container Traffic
117	BLCA	Articulated Container Wagon	Double Stack Container Traffic
118	BLLA	Low Platform Container Wagon	Long Containers
119	BWT	Bogie Well Wagon	Heavy Machinery
120	BWS	Heavy Duty Well Wagon	Transformers & ODC
121	BWH	Heavy Well Wagon	Over Dimensional Consignments
122	CRV	Crane Runner Van	Breakdown Crane Operations
123	RSV	Runner Service Van	Crane Support
124	CMW	Crane Match Wagon	Crane Equipment
125	TTM	Track Maintenance Wagon	Engineering Department
126	RRV	Rail Renewal Wagon	Rail Transport
127	PWI Wagon	Permanent Way Inspector's Wagon	Inspection Duty
128	OHE Tower Car	Overhead Equipment Tower Car	OHE Maintenance
129	DETC	Diesel Electric Tower Car	Electrification Maintenance
130	M&P Van	Machinery & Plant Van	Engineering Support
131	Tool Van	Tool & Plant Wagon	Engineering Stores
132	Water Tank Wagon	Water Supply Wagon	Construction & Maintenance
133	Ballast Wagon	Ballast Transport Wagon	Track Maintenance
134	Rail Carrier Wagon	Long Rail Carrier	Long Welded Rail Transport
135	Sleeper Carrier Wagon	PSC Sleeper Transport	Engineering Works
136	Material Train Wagon	Engineering Material Wagon	Project Works
137	Inspection Car	Engineering Inspection Coach	Official Inspection
138	ODC Wagon	Over Dimensional Consignment Wagon	Heavy Industrial Loads
139	Transformer Wagon	Special Transformer Carrier	Electrical Equipment
140	Bridge Girder Wagon	Bridge Girder Carrier	Bridge Construction

Important Exam Points

ART – Accident Relief Train
ARME – Accident Relief Medical Equipment
ARMV – Accident Relief Medical Van
CRV – Crane Runner Van
RSV – Runner Service Van
ODC – Over Dimensional Consignment
BLC / BLCA – Container Wagons
BWT / BWS / BWH – Well Wagons for heavy consignments
DETC – Diesel Electric Tower Car
OHE Tower Car – Used for OHE maintenance work

Note: कुछ Special Engineering Wagons का नामकरण रेलवे ज़ोन, निर्माण एजेंसी तथा उपयोग के अनुसार अलग-अलग हो सकता है। परीक्षा एवं संदर्भ पुस्तकों में RDSO तथा Railway Board द्वारा प्रयुक्त आधिकारिक नामों को प्राथमिकता दें.